Supreme Court Applies Fourth Amendment to Mass Location Data, Signaling Broader Surveillance Limits

The Supreme Court ruled geofence warrants unconstitutional without probable cause, particularity, and judicial preauthorization. The decision extends *Carpenter v. United States* (2018) logic from individual suspect tracking to population-scale searches. Investigators may still use geofence warrants meeting constitutional standards. The ruling leaves open whether Fourth Amendment protections extend to real-time monitoring, bulk queries beyond geofencing, and data held by non-traditional custodians.